The Qajar era was arguably the most important formative period of modern Iranian history. So much happened in the 150 years before Reza Shah’s coup d’état in 1925, and Iran became what it largely is today. What happened, you ask? Borders solidified. People led a revolution and voted a parliament into power. Religious institutions changed, and clerics emerged with a clear political role in society. Artists played with photography. “Traditional Iranian music” changed in this period. Fashion changed. Eating habits changed, foods changed, and even a detail like silverware was introduced. All of this happened, giving us what we think is “traditional Iranian culture.” Traditional culture isn’t a static thing, it morphs and changes and takes on different characteristics over and over again. This is basic knowledge, but what people often overlook is that the Qajar era was key in bringing about those changes.
This is a picture of Hormuzd Rassam, an Assyrian/Ottoman subject who received British citizenship later in his life. He was a pretty successful archaeologist who unearthed the Cyrus Cylinder in Babylon (present-day Iraq). Interestingly, the Qajars probably didn’t know or care about it, since the artifact was found in a neighboring territory and was written in Akkadian (not Old Persian) cunieform. And yet, this piece of pottery—the Cyrus Cylinder—would define Iranian nationalism during the 20th century.
Anyway, Hormuzd was pretty special for getting his own picture in 1854. Very elite.
Read more about it in my article for the Ajam Media Collective. And of course, follow Ajam on their own tumblr here.
I’m obsessed with legal documents.
Here’s an example of an early Iranian passport from Nasir al-Din Shah’s time, dated 1885. Passports became an important precursor to the concept of citizenship in Iran during the 19th century.
Check out Shahre Farang for the evolution of Iranian passports during the 20th century!
Qajar Female Tumblers by Shahre Farang
really wish there were photographs of these dancers, but alas. This one with the gymnast balancing on a dagger (yes) is dated in 1840, about two decades before cameras made their way to Iran.
Another missionary, Clara Colliver Rice, published her observations after traveling to Iran in her book Persian Women and their Ways: the experiences and impressions of a long sojourn amongst the women of the land of the Shah with an intimate description of their characteristics, customs and manner of living.
Yes, that whole thing was the title of her book. They liked really long, boring, description titles back then. Persian Women and Their Ways was published in 1923 in Philadelphia.
The broad regional categories “Arabia,” “Caucasia,” and “Mesopotamia” here called “surrounding countries” reflect the changing political landscape of the Middle East in 1923. The Treaty of Lausanne was signed the same year Rice’s book was published, and in the treaty, the Ottoman Empire gave up claims to its territories outside Anatolia and established the Turkish Republic.
I wonder how different the map would have looked if the book was published one or two years later.
Another example of a 19th century Iranian telegraph, this one from the Presbyterian Historical Society Archives in Philadelphia.
Historical Bazaar in Arak City, Iran. Modern Arak is built around the same location of a village called Daskerah, which was destroyed during the Mongol Invasion in the 13th century. The city was reestablished ten years after the rise of the Qajars in 1795. Most of the foundational construction work was completed by 1852.
Photographer: Sohrab Niazi
Thanks to Farrah joon for this great find!!
“Three Photographic Traditions in Iran” by Donna Stein. Pretty good article on the history of photography in Iran, especially during the 19th century.
This image is probably from Sevruguin, whom we’ve talked about before. The boldness of the women’s gazes is striking.
Exciting news
If you google “Qajars,” whoweretheqajars should be your 3rd result! WHOA.
If you google “Qajar,” however, this blog is nowhere to be found.
During the Qajar period, divorce settlements were simple, handwritten documents that asserted the wife’s rights to her dower and acknowledged the dissolution of the union.
Batul Khanum and Mirza Agha the Barber got divorced in 1917.
